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    Wednesday, August 5, 2020

    life in an hour of fazle abed - part 2 of 5

    at least 4 times sir fazle abed integrated another finanial service solution in his quest to change value chains in village, 200000 villages, nationally, globally, virtually

    here is his description of an addition from 1999 which won the noble economics prize for academic revision of past theories in 2019 cf mit poverty lab



    scale is about ambition if you are
    00:20
    ambitious then then I suppose in order
    00:25
    to meet your ambition you would go for  scale




    00:29
    scale because you can do good
    00:32
    work in small community and be satisfied
    00:37
    with it but I was more ambitious I
    00:40
    wanted to change Bangladesh
     scale can
    00:43
    also be done by small activities and
    00:46
    then having multiple actors 
    00:51
    replicating it throughout the country
    00:53
    that can also be done but then you have
    00:56
    to find other people following you and
    00:58
    replicating your work as well and then
    01:01
    in the world ....
     so that is one kind of
    01:05
    scale that has happened in Bangladesh through a series of leaps
    xxxxx

    01:08
    for example in microfinance when we
    01:13
    started microfinance in 1980 microfinance is not
    01:16
    very well known and then in 1983
    01:19
    came Grameen Bank another organization
    01:22
    similar to us and they focused their
    01:25
    attention on just financial services and
    01:27
    nothing else  at a nationwide level until 1996 and yunus the founder of
    01:31
    grameen Bank did a lot
    01:35
    of global advocacy to try to
    01:39
    take back finance all over the world
    01:41
    so as a result what is happening is that
    01:43
    microfinance models have tested
    01:46
    almost every country's commitment to lives matter  ...financial
    01:48
    services for the poor as one of the ways
    01:51
    of alleviating poverty so that was done
    01:55
    not by one single organization making it
    01:59
    really large program but multiple
    02:02
    organizations in many countries expanding
    02:05
    microfinance and having an impact on
    02:08
    poverty
    02:13
    we need to break the cycle of poverty
    02:16
    somewhere breaking the cycle of poverty
    02:20
    means that you commit to the next
    02:22
    generation of children if they get
    02:25
    better education better health... i
    02:27
    then they'll come out of poverty so we
    02:31
    are looking at providing quality
    02:33
    education to children we are looking at
    02:38
    providing better nutrition or nutrition
    02:42
    education to mothers so that their
    02:44
    children get better nutrition so the
    02:47
    next generation is healthier has better
    02:50
    education so poverty can ultimately be
    02:53
    reduced in societies so education
    02:57
    nutrition health opportu creating
    03:01
    opportunities by training people in
    03:04
    various kinds of skills so these are
    03:07
    important issues and we are concerned
    03:10
    with that
    03:16
    ... we were looking at what do
    03:19
    the poor people want from us to the need
    03:22
    better seeds to grow a better food or
    03:27
    hope or how could they could we improve
    03:31
    their productivity and we found that
    03:34
    many women who produce vegetables didn't
    03:38
    have an access to a good seed pocket
    03:41
    seed multiplication was not there and
    03:43
    they couldn't find good seeds in the
    03:45
    market so we went to the seed production
    03:48
    first of all vegetable seeds and then
    03:50
     we went into hybrid 
    03:54
    rice seeds joint venture with
    03:56
    China with Australia to produce high
    03:59
    quality seeds upon whether she's poor
    04:01
    can have access to high-quality seeds
    04:03
    and that has also had an impact on
    04:06
    productivity or our agriculture over
    04:08
    time so these are important important
    04:12
    now next generation of enterprises which
    04:18
    could provide support to breath could be
    04:23
    in private education there are state
    04:27
    education in Bangladesh is very poor so
    04:30
    there are parents who are looking for
    04:32
    quality education for their children but
    04:35
    even lower middle class even even poorer
    04:38
    people now having to pay out for private
    04:42
    tuition private tutors to teach the
    04:45
    children in order to pass exams so if
    04:48
    they're ready to put in a five to ten
    04:51
    dollars a month could we provide instead
    04:56
    of free education could we provide a
    04:59
    quality primary education by charging
    05:02
    them ten dollars a month or fifteen
    05:04
    dollars a month could we provide that so
    05:07
    we are now looking at a possible
    05:10
    enterprise and quality education for
    05:14
    low-income people
    05:22
    we have our budget is about a billion
    05:26
    dollars now 700 billion dollars come
    05:29
    from revenue come from all our
    05:31
    businesses and what 300 dollars comes
    05:34
    from donors sell others
    05:36
    so what 70% is self-funded and 30% donor
    05:42
    funded
    05:51
    well it hasn't impacted a great deal yet
    05:54
    but one you know when you talk about a
    05:57
    blogger being killed in Bangladesh means
    06:01
    that there is a lot of sort of
    06:05
    intolerance intolerant religion is
    06:11
    becoming quite a force in our society so
    06:15
    I just hope that we can keep it under
    06:18
    under control and still go on providing
    06:22
    improvement in the lives of women
    06:23
    because we've been helping have not had
    06:27
    a sort of picture cage will be strong in
    06:30
    Bangladesh and in Houla South Asia and
    06:33
    we need to do some more other find ways
    06:36
    of gender equality in our society for
    06:41
    our own good not not because we want to
    06:45
    be fair to women but for our own
    06:47
    societies code we need equality of men
    06:50
    and women


    xxxx06:56
    ending extreme poverty: it is possible to do it but you must leap forward serially when the time is right
    06:59
    that we have shown in brac in 1999 we
    07:06
    did a study of what was what what groups
    07:09
    of people in Bangladesh are not having
    07:12
    access to financial services we found
    07:15
    that the poorest 10% of the Bangladeshis
    07:18
    don't have access to financial
    07:20
    microfinance and then we found another
    07:23
    thing that there are a group of people
    07:26
    who are not poor but who are not rich
    07:28
    enough to go to a bank to start a small
    07:30
    business the small and medium
    07:33
    enterprises were not getting money from
    07:34
    banks nor where they've poor enough to
    07:38
    get money from buck from microfinance
    07:40
    organizations so they were missed out
    07:41
    they were the missing middle and they
    07:44
    were there are another group which are
    07:46
    very poor the poorest 10% who did didn't
    07:50
    have access to finance so we started a
    07:52
    program for the ultra poor we called it
    07:55
    so it's not just bike financial services
    07:58
    like giving those to people but giving
    08:01
    grants so we have got a program which is
    08:03
    which which is focused on the poorest
    08:06
    10% of Bangladesh's
    08:07
    families they want five four million
    08:10
    families who are really poor and we are
    08:13
    we have now reached about 1.6 billion
    08:16
    families and there are four elements in
    08:19
    that program one is giving transfer an
    08:23
    asset not a loan but a grant we give
    08:27
    also a monthly stipend in order for them
    08:29
    to survive we give them healthcare for
    08:32
    the for the recipient family and we sent
    08:36
    their children to school and we hold
    08:38
    their hands and give them a coaching to
    08:43
    be able to manage resources so this
    08:47
    program goes on for two years and what
    08:50
    has been done is so after two years the
    08:53
    program they go out a program they go
    08:56
    into our bikes a finance program they
    08:58
    can borrow money then provide
    08:59
    program and then improve their
    09:03
    conditions then we found that over the
    09:05
    period of time in the last ten years we
    09:09
    have been doing this program the women
    09:12
    who who came as an ultra poor have
    09:15
    graduated from ultra poverty and the
    09:18
    government and continues to improve over
    09:21
    the whole period of time so this is one
    09:23
    program that we are now promoting
    09:24
    throughout the world which could be done
    09:27
    to get very poor people out of poverty
    09:32
    and it has been replicated in ten other
    09:35
    countries and all of them and they have
    09:39
    been also they have also done our cities
    09:44
    the randomized controlled trials to see
    09:47
    whether or not it works in other
    09:48
    cultures and six country studies by MIT
    09:56
    and Yale was published yes last year in
    10:00
    the science magazine and all showed
    10:03
    improvement in the lives of the very
    10:06
    poorest if you provide the same kind of
    10:10
    services that that prac initially
    10:14
    promoted somehow the very poorest to the
    10:17
    poor never had that big push and once
    10:21
    you get to give the big push and they
    10:24
    see that their own action is changing
    10:27
    their own condition the Can go on working
    10:30
    harder to try and get it cut themselves
     out of poverty


    xxxxx

    :37
     at brac we were ambitious we
    00:40
    wanted to change at Bangladesh scale -this can
    00:43
    also be done by small activities and
    00:46
    then having multiple actors sort of
    00:51
    replicating it throughout the country
    00:53
    that can also be done but then you have
    00:56
    to find other people following you and
    00:58
    replicating your work as well and they
    01:01
    in the world so I so that one kind of
    01:05
    scale that has happened in Bangladesh around 1980
    01:08
    for example in microfinance when we
    01:13
    started microfinance microfinance which was not
    01:16
    very well known and then 
    01:19
    came Grameen Bank in 1983 another organization
    01:22
    similar to us and they focused their
    01:25
    attention on just financial services while we already a decade into building health and education -so brac did all three
    01:27
    - for over a decade muhammad yunus did microfinance village circles in bangladesh
    01:31
    he also did a lot of
     global advocacy -the clinto family visited yunus around 1989 before bill clinton became us president
    01:39
    so yunus sought to  take microcredit  all over the world
    01:41
    ---- as a result microcredit summit was launched in 1997 and
    01:43
    microfinance started  to test where lives mattered to leaders around the world 
    01:46
    almost every country started trying it as hope of a new millennium rose in 1990s
    01:48
    to be clear bangladesh services for the poor evolved in villages with no access to electricity, where all communications and trust building from person to person as one as one of the ways
    01:51
    of alleviating poverty so that was done
    01:55
    not by one single organization making it
    01:59
    really large program but multiple
    02:02
    organization in many countries expanding
    02:05
    microfinance and having an impact on
    02:08
    poverty
    02:13
    we need to break the cycle of poverty
    02:16
    somewhere breaking the cycle of poverty
    02:20
    means that you have to the next
    02:22
    generation of children if they get
    02:25
    better education better now issues and
    02:27
    then they'll come out of poverty so we
    02:31
    are looking at providing quality
    02:33
    education to children we are looking at
    02:38
    providing better nutrition or nutrition
    02:42
    education to mothers so that their
    02:44
    children get better nutrition so the
    02:47
    next generation is healthier has better
    02:50
    education so poverty can ultimately be
    02:53
    reduced in societies so education
    02:57
    nutrition health opportu creating
    03:01
    opportunities by training people in
    03:04
    various kinds of skills so these are
    03:07
    important issues and we are concerned
    03:10
    with that
    03:16
    ten years ago we were looking at what do
    03:19
    the poor people want from us to the need
    03:22
    better seeds to grow a better food or
    03:27
    hope or how could they could we improve
    03:31
    their productivity and we found that
    03:34
    many women who produce vegetables didn't
    03:38
    have an access to a good seed pocket
    03:41
    seed multiplication was not there and
    03:43
    they couldn't find good seeds in the
    03:45
    market so we went to the seed production
    03:48
    first of all vegetable seeds and then
    03:50
    way we went into hybrid Macy's hydrate
    03:54
    rice seeds we went to joint venture with
    03:56
    China with Australia to produce high
    03:59
    quality seeds upon whether she's poor
    04:01
    can have access to high-quality seeds
    04:03
    and that has also had an impact on
    04:06
    productivity or our agriculture over
    04:08
    time so these are important .....

    04:12
    now looking forward from 1999 after 3 decades what next generation of enterprises 
    04:18
    could brac provide support to? we  could help
    04:23
    in private education wherever state education is 
    04:27
    very poor 

    04:30
    there are parents who are looking for
    04:32
    quality education for their children but
    04:35
    even lower middle class even even poorer
    04:38
    people now having to pay out for private
    04:42
    tuition private tutors to teach the
    04:45
    children in order to pass exams so if
    04:48
    they're ready to put in a five to ten
    04:51
    dollars a month could we provide instead
    04:56
    of free education could we provide a
    04:59
    quality primary education by charging
    05:02
    them ten dollars a month or fifteen
    05:04
    dollars a month could we provide that so
    05:07
    we are now looking at a possible
    05:10
    enterprise and quality education for
    05:14
    low-income people....





    x  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0DgZ9HdNBhg

    en one of really the
    00:16
    great innovators worldwide in this you
    00:19
    started in Bangladesh you're now in 12
    00:21
    countries one of the things that I've
    00:24
    always find interesting you know I go to
    00:26
    a lot of events like this where there
    00:28
    are very important for the people
    00:31
    sitting in a room but they're often not
    00:32
    the poor or the laborers you feel that
    00:35
    it's very important for the poor to be
    00:38
    part of the whole process of poverty
    00:40
    reduction I wonder if you can tell us a
    00:41
    little bit about that and and the
    00:43
    impetus for founding your organization
    00:45
    well I I come from the private sector I
    00:48
    worked in h LOL company as an executive
    00:51
    in 1970 when i was finance director of
    00:55
    pakistan shale oil something happened in
    00:59
    bangladesh which sort of killed four
    01:03
    hundred really for mill 3 million people
    01:05
    of the cyclone which sort of inundated
    01:08
    the big 30 feet storm surge which took
    01:15
    away large numbers of people and died
    01:17
    and i started a relief work with with
    01:20
    some of my friends in that area and
    01:23
    while going to do the relief work I
    01:26
    looked at I I by helicopter visiting
    01:31
    this area and I looked at the bay and
    01:34
    there was bodies all around the shallow
    01:37
    waters of the bay of men children
    01:41
    livestock all kinds of things that
    01:43
    shocked me and suddenly I thought that
    01:47
    the kind of life I was leading has no
    01:50
    meaning at all though it was completely
    01:52
    disconnected from the people who were
    01:55
    poor dying like this in a cyclone like
    01:59
    this so that sort of changed my life
    02:02
    completely and I immediately after that
    02:04
    there was a liberation war in Bangladesh
    02:06
    and I had to go to
    02:08
    become a refugee London and then I came
    02:11
    back after the liberation of Bangladesh
    02:13
    in Bangladesh was the was second poorest
    02:16
    country on Earth we had per capita
    02:22
    income of less than ninety dollars per
    02:25
    year and so the so the relief and
    02:31
    rehabilitation work we started with with
    02:33
    the 10 million refugees who came back
    02:35
    from India was one of we have been able
    02:39
    to do something like building houses
    02:42
    providing health care to people feeding
    02:44
    children and so on but then we just
    02:47
    decided that unless poverty is tackled
    02:50
    in a systematic way in Bangladesh and
    02:53
    unless you can scale up your program and
    02:58
    you can you can't really have any impact
    03:00
    on poverty so over the last 4 45 years
    03:04
    I've worked on on multi-variant shins of
    03:10
    poverty education healthcare agriculture
    03:13
    fisheries livestock all kinds of things
    03:17
    which sort of you know address many
    03:20
    dimensions of poverty and and and what I
    03:23
    wanted to do I wanted to get the poor
    03:26
    people to be a solution rather than a
    03:30
    than problem so organizing people
    03:34
    getting providing them with with the
    03:38
    kind of opportunities for providing the
    03:41
    enabling conditions like financial
    03:43
    services so that they can do hard work
    03:45
    themselves to improve their own
    03:47
    conditioned getting children to school
    03:50
    getting family planning services to
    03:53
    women and then also I felt that family
    03:56
    planning you know I remember Bangladesh
    03:59
    used to have seven point eight seven
    04:02
    point four children per woman and I
    04:06
    thought in Bangladesh PO was going to
    04:08
    reproduce like this then 74 million
    04:11
    bhangra the chest in 1972 will become
    04:14
    150 million by 2000 so I started working
    04:17
    on family
    04:18
    but the family planning wouldn't work
    04:20
    well unless the child survival hundred
    04:22
    the children survived so we started
    04:26
    working in a national scale in child in
    04:29
    trying to cut down infant mortality of
    04:32
    child mortality so if I go we couldn't
    04:37
    go ahead and make a point then I wanna
    04:38
    yeah yeah I want to just actually drill
    04:40
    down to one thing you said which is it
    04:43
    seems like you're trying to help people
    04:44
    graduate from poverty by actually
    04:47
    providing them not just with a service
    04:50
    but with an asset you know asset
    04:51
    building which is so important when we
    04:53
    think about where wealth is these days
    04:55
    it's all about building asset yes not
    04:58
    just being given something we have a
    04:59
    program where we are working with that
    05:01
    with the extremely poor we for example
    05:04
    we did a survey in Bangladesh in 1994
    05:07
    which found that Bangladesh was doing
    05:10
    microfinance program microfinance
    05:12
    program was covering many people many
    05:14
    poor people but the poorest ten percent
    05:16
    of bangladesh's population were not
    05:18
    having access to more financial services
    05:20
    because they were not they thought to be
    05:24
    not fit to get loan and to be able to
    05:28
    repay this loan the the village people
    05:31
    who were getting the microfiber they
    05:33
    were keeping themselves keeping them out
    05:34
    so we decided to have a different
    05:37
    program for there for the extremely poor
    05:39
    people to come out of poverty we call it
    05:41
    a graduation program and we provide
    05:42
    services stress stage services over two
    05:48
    year period we provide them a stipend we
    05:50
    provide them an asset we provide them
    05:53
    health care we take their children to
    05:55
    school and we connect them with their
    05:58
    local communities so most of the poor
    06:01
    people safe seems to be disc akum
    06:03
    marginalized and can't have equal kind
    06:06
    of relationship with their own
    06:07
    communities so that we do and and we
    06:10
    have found that over the last you know
    06:13
    50 last 15 years of work 1.6 billion
    06:18
    families I have graduated out of poverty
    06:20
    and now they can take back to financial
    06:24
    services and other services from us
    06:26
    please and then come out of poverty all
    06:28
    together what advice would you offer for
    06:31
    all the
    06:31
    business leaders out here that have a
    06:32
    tremendous amount of assets that they're
    06:34
    fingertip to help the poor build assets
    06:37
    I mean what do you see out there in the
    06:38
    marketplace that's not being done well
    06:40
    enough right now well I think business
    06:43
    people are doing the job of that their
    06:48
    work of job creation in any case so they
    06:50
    should continue to do that I think I I
    06:54
    don't want to you know give them a
    06:57
    particular thing to do how would I want
    07:00
    is that business people should think
    07:01
    about what kind of you knows what kind
    07:05
    of solution they want to bring to the
    07:07
    problems of poverty problems of climate
    07:10
    change problems of you know problems of
    07:17
    any kind of the various kinds of
    07:20
    problems that we have including human
    07:23
    rights and so on so whatever their
    07:25
    business organization or the chief
    07:28
    executive things that this is interested
    07:30
    in and he can die he can identify the
    07:34
    kind of programs which are which are
    07:37
    doing well and which can be supported
    07:39
    that this should be supported to be
    07:41
    scaled up with the idea I think the most
    07:45
    important lesson that that I of my work
    07:49
    over the last 40 years is that unless we
    07:51
    scale up things it doesn't have an
    07:53
    impact unless we do things which is you
    07:58
    know sort of sustainable sustainability
    08:01
    is another problem I tell you a story
    08:03
    about sustainability there was this
    08:05
    historian who did a study of 15th
    08:08
    century 16th century European
    08:11
    institutions 500 of them and found only
    08:15
    34 33 survive today what are these 33
    08:19
    institutions from 16th century which
    08:22
    still survives 29 of them are
    08:24
    universities one business to churches in
    08:30
    one Parliament Wow why so I asked asked
    08:34
    him why he universities are the most
    08:37
    sustainable institution because he said
    08:39
    that that all societies from 16th
    08:42
    century onwards in Europe obviously
    08:44
    neither
    08:45
    leaders and they were trained by the
    08:47
    universities at the universities also
    08:49
    did another thing they always changed
    08:52
    with the evolving needs of society hmm
    08:55
    so that's sustainability that's
    08:59
    fascinating it's also a great lesson at
    09:00
    a time when so many institutions public
    09:02
    and private or under under threat right
    09:04
    okay um let me ask you we've got time
    09:06
    for just a couple more questions you've
    09:09
    actually structured your nonprofit as a
    09:11
    brand and and you feel that brand
    09:13
    extension brand awareness is actually
    09:15
    very important in terms of the work that
    09:17
    you do tell us a little bit more about
    09:18
    that that's unusual for a non-profit
    09:20
    well well whatever we do we try to do
    09:23
    the best we can so we have for example
    09:26
    in Bangladesh we have educated nearly
    09:28
    11.8 million children through primary
    09:31
    schools seven billion of them are girls
    09:33
    because we focused on girls education we
    09:36
    provided high quality education and then
    09:38
    our girls are doing much better in high
    09:40
    school and in the university now so this
    09:43
    is a kind of brand so black so when
    09:46
    black set up a bank which also became
    09:50
    another brand so we provide high quality
    09:53
    banking services to everybody here is
    09:56
    just so break and now has gotten
    09:59
    University this is the top university in
    10:01
    Bangladesh today so it's a kind of
    10:04
    quality service that people expect from
    10:06
    us so whether it is serving the we serve
    10:10
    the poorest people but we try to serve
    10:12
    the best quality and and we have also
    10:16
    set up large numbers of enterprises so
    10:18
    that we are not totally dependent or
    10:20
    donors so although donor funding is
    10:23
    still needed in Bangladesh hyper our
    10:25
    budget in Bangladesh for example is what
    10:27
    a billion dollars or which about 80%
    10:30
    comes from our businesses and twenty
    10:33
    percent comes from money from donors so
    10:35
    let me let me ask you the last question
    10:38
    there's been so much work in the last
    10:40
    several decades around poverty reduction
    10:42
    a lot of it has been unsuccessful um
    10:44
    particularly a lot of the government
    10:45
    work has been unsuccessful yes um with
    10:48
    these business leaders who are eager to
    10:50
    hear more about these topics to get more
    10:52
    involved in poverty reduction inequality
    10:54
    reduction what are the pitfall
    10:56
    that you've seen and what can they be
    10:57
    doing going forward if you could maybe
    10:59
    share two or three lessons quickly I
    11:01
    think many of the programs poverty
    11:06
    alleviation programs are not really
    11:07
    designed well they don't reach they they
    11:11
    don't reach the poorest of the poor they
    11:13
    don't they are not targeted properly and
    11:15
    as a result results are not very good so
    11:18
    I think what is needed is that you need
    11:22
    a small pilot projects which tends to
    11:27
    work so you have to make it effective
    11:29
    and then you have to make it efficient
    11:31
    by organizing tasks which are essential
    11:33
    and cutting out those which are not not
    11:36
    essential so if when a program is small
    11:39
    program becomes effective and efficient
    11:41
    then and then only can scale up there be
    11:43
    ruthless during targeting up to Milan
    11:45
    and cognitive targeting perfecting if it
    11:49
    make it more efficient yeah and then
    11:51
    escape okay and many of the programs
    11:54
    that we see are good I've never reached
    11:57
    scale as a result they don't have really
    11:59
    have much impact okay well that's a good
    12:02
    note to end on we've ended with an
    12:03
    actual solution that people can think
    12:05
    about thank you so much circl
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    Tuesday, August 4, 2020

    life in an hour of fazle abed part 3 of 5

    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4FfuwJYbLQ0 launch at berkeley

    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jn9_Fst6QC4  launch at yidan/ hong kong/ ten cent

    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FZl-1Bu0tCU&t=1s  at harvard with the chen hamily including marta 1983 biographer of the quiet revolution of brac's first 10 years
    marta chen
    brac worlds largest ngo partnership
    bangla 40000 primary 1.2 mn kids
    100k community health worlers reaching 120 mn people
    1.5 bn dollar of loans in 2012 - within microfinance

    plus brc bank 2nd biggest bank grounded on smes
    bkash
    brac university
    the housing trust
    plus partnerships 11 other country
    the ultra poverty partnership - see nobel 2019 economics
    the play lab/scoll movement

    with china since 1870s crop science and barefoot medic networks

    chen family - greg with shameran ebed - lincon in medical 

    plus https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0DgZ9HdNBhg

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